- ELinks
- Возможности
- Настройка
- Использование
- Links браузер для windows
- Links 2.16 — текстовый и графический веб-браузер
- Ссылки (веб-браузер) — Links (web browser)
- СОДЕРЖАНИЕ
- Графический стек
- Вилки
- ELinks
- Взломанные ссылки
- Другой
- Licence
- Welcome
- About this documentation
- Contents
- Introduction to the Links web browser
- Ease of control, productivity and compatibility
- Font ergonomy and use of the screen area
- Low-profile footprint in the file system
- Accuracy of graphical element presentation
- Important features
- Supported platforms
- Installation
- Installation requirements
- Compilation and installation
- Browser calibration
- The .links Configuration file
- Running Links in different environments
- Text mode and graphics mode
- X-Window graphics system
- Other graphics systems: SVGAlib and framebuffer
- Virtual consoles versus windows
- The Links user interface
- Basic terms
- Frames and scrolling
- Links and the status line
- Objects on the page
- Links menus
- Dialog windows
- Functions accessible through the menu
- File Menu
- Goto URL
- Go back
- History
- Reload
- Bookmarks
- New window
- Save as
- Save URL as
- Kill background connections
- Flush all caches
- Resource info
- OS Shell
- View Menu
- Search
- Search backwards
- Find next
- Find previous
- Toggle html/plain
- Document info
- Header info
- Frame at full-screen
- HTML options
- Save HTML options
- Link menu
- Downloads menu
- Help menu
- Customising Links: the Setup Menu
- Language
- Terminal options
- Video settings
- Network options
- Miscellaneous options
- Cache
- Mail and telnet
- Associations and extensions
- Save settings
- Examples
- Problems and frequently asked questions
- Solving problems
- Frequently asked questions
- How do I.
- General questions
- Appendix 1: Links and JavaScript
- Javascript Options
- Appendix 2: GNU general public licence
ELinks
ELinks является попыткой создать современный текстовый веб браузер. Проект начался на основе кода браузера Links. Его целью сначала было попытаться реализовать несколько функций более или менее отсутствующих, либо слабых, в Links. Откуда «E» в «ELinks» — «Experimental» / «Экспериментальный» [Links]. После успеха предпринятых усилий «E» стала пониматься как «Extended» / «Расширенный» или «Enhanced» / «Усовершенствованный».
Когда браузер Links достиг определенной степени завершенности, превосходящей в некоторых отношениях тогда самый продвинутый веб браузер Lynx, дальнейшее его развитие оказалось на перепутье: двигаться к отображению графики и далее за пределы чистого текста или продвинуть веб-серфинг с использованием текстового интерфейса пользователя за пределы достигнутые сначала Lynx и затем Links — оставаясь однако в текстовом режиме. Первое направление реализовалось в версии Links способного отображать графическое содержимое веб-страниц — Links2. Второе — это веб браузер ELinks.
Lynx был и остается очень проработанным образцом программного обеспечения своего типа. Его авторы задумали и реализовали весьма продуманную и основательную концепцию просмотра веб-страниц в текстовом режиме с особыми абстракциями и условностями, которые помогали преодолеть многие ограничения и недостатки веб-серфинга с использованием текстового интерфейса и создали мир столь отличный от быстро расширяющейся графической части интернета. Но HTML и компьютеры развивались дальше, началось распространение языков сценариев, весь мир представления, нахождения и потребления информации двигался вперед, менялся. Появились новые возможности.
Многие из этих возможностей были реализованы в Links, но следующие изменения в визуальном представлении информации в веб документах — от больше HTML к больше CSS — сделали открытыми новые дороги; даже оставаясь в текстовом режиме. И это стараются реализовать в ELinks: поддержка отображения цвета в поддерживающих эту возможность эмуляторах терминала, немного позиционирования с помощью CSS и даже какая-то поддержка JavaScript / ECMAScript. Техническая сторона сетевых технологий (как поддержка SSL) и поддержка различных кодировок текста были уже весьма основательны в браузере Links, но в ELinks некоторые возможности были улучшены, а другие более проработаны.
ELinks это шаг вперед в концепции консольного веб браузера, что делает ELinks самым продвинутым примером её реализации. Хотя Lynx все еще вполне удерживает свои позиции. Его концепция просмотра веб-страниц в текстовом режиме даже представляя собой упрощение, особенный подход к представлению информации и обращению с ней, а не стремление походить на среду графических браузеров — работает весьма неплохо.
Веб документы становятся все более и более сложно реализованными и (имея все неизбежные ограничения просмотра веб-страниц в текстовом режиме) следовать по особому пути в обращении с ними представляет собой способ вполне могущий конкурировать с попыткой работать как основные, графические полнофункциональные веб браузеры настольных компьютеров. Это аналогично дилемме браузеров для мобильных устройств с небольшими дисплеями: пробовать имитировать компьютеры с большими дисплеями или трансформировать отображаемые веб документы, делая их соответствующими характеристикам среды. Текстовые браузеры большей частью используются на компьютерах с более или менее крупными дисплеями, так что тут меньше ограничений по размерам и больше соблазнов: Lynx — оставаться сдержанным, ELinks — выйти за пределы.
Возможности
Текстовый веб браузер. Версии для Linux, других *nix систем, Windows, DOS, OS/2, BeOS и еще некоторых других.
HTML (в том числе таблицы и фреймы). Весьма ограниченно CSS и JavaScript (Подробнее). Поддержка цветовой палитры в 16, 88 или 256 цветов в поддерживающих эту возможность эмуляторах терминала / консолях.
Поддержка вкладок, фоновых загрузок с оповещением об окончании загрузки. Поддержка мыши. Редактирование текстовых полей форм веб-страниц во внешнем текстовом редакторе. Горячие клавиши для URL. Поддержка сценариев на Perl, Lua, Guile, Ruby. Возможность передавать URI веб документа или URI ссылки в веб документе во внешние приложения: от буфера обмена (что бы скопировать URI далее в какое-то другое приложение) до других веб браузеров. Возможность контролировать как веб-страницы обрабатываются браузером: например, отображать фреймы или нет. Закладки. Многое другое.
HTTP и прокси-аутентификация. Постоянные HTTP cookies. SSL. http, https, ftp, fsp, IPv4, IPv6 и экспериментальная поддержка протоколов BitTorrent, gopher, nntp.
Настройка
Перейти к странице «ELinks. Настройка». Описание подходящее для ELinks для Linux + некоторых других *nix систем и за исключением пары моментов так же для Windows версий.
Использование
Перейти к странице «ELinks. Использование». Описание подходящее для ELinks для Linux + некоторых других *nix систем и за исключением пары моментов так же для Windows версий.
Links браузер для windows
Текстово-графический браузер, может функционировать в обоих режимах по отдельности. Предусмотрена поддержка стандарта HTML4, без CSS3. Обозреватель характеризуется простым способом установки, имеющим один исполнительный файл, взаимодействует с ОС Linux, BSD, прочими UNIX-подобными системами, и с некоторыми другими, менее известными.
____________________________________________________
Системные требования для ПК
• Процессор с частотой 900 MHz, или более мощный
• Размер оперативной памяти 128 МБ, или больше
• Свободное место на жестком диске — нет данных
• Видеокарта с памятью не менее 64 Мб, или более
• Архитектура с разрядностью 32 или 64 бит (x86 или x64)
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Достоинства
• Текстовый и графический режим
• Возможность функционирования на 64-х битных ОС
• Мультиплатформенная конфигурация
• Поддержка JavaScript
• Наличие портативной версии
____________________________________________________
Недостатки
• Невозможность использования в современных условиях
• Крайне низкая работоспособность
____________________________________________________
Предупреждение
Дистрибутивы браузеров проверены известными антивирусными программами и считаются безопасными. Тем не менее, мы рекомендуем пользователям после загрузки файлов на свой компьютер, проверить их еще раз.
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Links 2.16 — текстовый и графический веб-браузер
Links ( links , links2 ) — свободный веб-браузер, способный работать в текстовом и графическом режимах.
- Улучшена обработка действий по нажатию клавиши Delete , которая используется для удаления и прокручивания:
- если предыдущее нажатие клавиш было зафиксировано в поле ввода, тогда нажатие Delete приводит к удалению;
- если предыдущее нажатие было вне поля ввода, тогда нажатие Delete приводит к прокручиванию.
- Внедрён режим вставки в скобках — текст может быть вставлен только в поле ввода, при этом вставленный текст не будет распознан как комбинация клавиш.
- При компиляции без поддержки SVG, на сайте Википедия URL формул в формате SVG автоматически заменяется на соответствующий URL этой же формулы в формате PNG.
- Исправлено множество ошибок.
Хотя Links позиционируется в первую очередь как браузер без поддержки JavaScript, всё же экспериментальная поддержка JavaScript в Links есть если компилировать с флагом —enable-javascript :
При компиляции без поддержки SVG, на сайте Википедия URL формул в формате SVG автоматически заменяется на соответствующий URL этой же формулы в формате PNG.
Захардкодить это плохо. Так можно и весь интернет захардкодить, но оно отвалится через месяц-год.
Подстраиваться должна википедия не выдавая svg ссылки в links вообще
Годный браузер, иногда пользуюсь
Википедия? Под какой-то браузер? Шутишь что ли?
Он не на Qt? Не нужен. Всё, что не на Qt, не нужно.
Linux kernel тоже не на Qt.
Да и сам анонимус тоже не на Qt
Он не на Qt? Не нужен. Всё, что не на Qt, не нужно.
Да и сам анонимус тоже не на Qt
Ссылки (веб-браузер) — Links (web browser)
Links — это текстовый и графический веб-браузер с открытым исходным кодом и системой раскрывающихся меню. Он отображает сложные страницы, имеет частичную поддержку HTML 4.0 (включая таблицы и фреймы и поддержку нескольких наборов символов, таких как UTF-8 ), поддерживает цветные и монохромные терминалы и допускает горизонтальную прокрутку.
Он предназначен для пользователей, которые хотят сохранить многие типичные элементы графических пользовательских интерфейсов (всплывающие окна, меню и т. Д.) В текстовой среде.
Первоначальная версия Links была разработана Микулашем Паточкой из Чешской Республики . Его группа Twibright Labs позже разработала версию 2 браузера Links, который отображает графику, отображает шрифты разных размеров (с пространственным сглаживанием ), но больше не поддерживает JavaScript (раньше, до версии 2.1pre28). В результате браузер работает очень быстро, но не отображает много страниц, как предполагалось. Графический режим работает даже на Unix систем без системы Window X или любой другой оконной среды, используя либо SVGAlib или видеобуфер из системы видеокарты .
СОДЕРЖАНИЕ
Графический стек
Графический стек имеет несколько необычных для веб-браузера особенностей. Шрифты, отображаемые ссылками, не являются производными от системы, а скомпилированы в двоичный файл в виде растровых изображений в градациях серого в формате переносимой сетевой графики (PNG). Это позволяет браузеру быть одним исполняемым файлом, независимым от системных библиотек. Однако это увеличивает размер исполняемого файла примерно до 5 МБ.
Шрифты сглаживаются без намека, а для небольшого шага строк используется искусственное усиление резкости для повышения разборчивости. Выборка субпикселей еще больше повышает удобочитаемость на ЖК-дисплеях. Это позволяло ссылкам иметь сглаженные шрифты в то время, когда библиотеки сглаженных шрифтов были редкостью.
Все графические элементы (изображения и текст) сначала преобразуются из заданного гамма-пространства (в соответствии с известной или предполагаемой гамма-информацией в PNG, JPEG и т. Д.) Через известную пользовательскую настройку гаммы в фотометрически линейное пространство 48 бит на пиксель, где они подвергаются повторной дискретизации с билинейной передискретизация до целевого размера, возможно, с учетом коррекции соотношения сторон. Затем данные проходят через высокопроизводительный перезапускаемый механизм дизеринга, который используется независимо от битовой глубины монитора, то есть также для цвета 24 бита на пиксель. Этот механизм дизеринга Флойда-Стейнберга учитывает гамма-характеристики монитора и использует таблицы дизеринга размером 768 КБ, чтобы избежать затратных по времени вычислений. Техника, аналогичная самомодифицирующемуся коду , шаблонам функций , используется для максимизации скорости механизма дизеринга без использования оптимизации языка ассемблера , которая не является переносимой.
Уменьшенные изображения также используют субпиксельную выборку на ЖК-дисплее для повышения уровня детализации.
Причина такого высокого качества обработки заключается в следующем: обеспечение надлежащей реалистичной восходящей и нисходящей выборки изображений и фотореалистичное отображение независимо от гаммы монитора без цветовой окантовки, вызванной 8-битной гамма-коррекцией, встроенной в X-сервер. Это также увеличивает воспринимаемую глубину цвета до 24 бит на пиксель.
В Links есть графические драйверы для X Server, фреймбуфера Linux, svgalib, OS / 2 PMShell и графического интерфейса AtheOS. Это позволяет ему работать в графическом режиме даже на платформах, на которых нет X Server.
Вилки
ELinks
Experimental / Enhanced Links (ELinks) — это ветвь Links, возглавляемая Петром Баудисом. Он основан на Links 0.9. Он имеет более открытую разработку и включает исправления из других версий Links (например, дополнительные сценарии расширения в Lua ) и от пользователей Интернета.
Взломанные ссылки
Hacked Links — это еще одна версия браузера Links, в которой некоторые функции Elinks объединены в Links 2.
Андрей Мирцовский перенес его на Plan 9 от Bell Labs . В этой операционной системе он считается хорошим браузером, хотя некоторые пользователи жаловались на его неспособность вырезать и вставлять с помощью snarf-буфера Plan 9.
По состоянию на апрель 2016 года последней версией Hacked Links является выпуск 9 июля 2003 года, с некоторыми дальнейшими изменениями, которые не были выпущены.
Другой
Ссылки были также перенесены для работы на платформе Sony PSP как PSPRadio Рафаэлем Кабезасом с последней версией (2.1pre23_PSP_r1261), выпущенной 6 февраля 2007 года.
BeOS порт был обновлен Франсуа REVOL , который также добавил поддержку GUI. Он также работает на Haiku .
Licence
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but without any warranty ; without even the implied warranty of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose . See the GNU General Public License for more details.
Welcome
Welcome to Links, the most powerful web browser for professional work with the World Wide Web. The Links web browser combines ease of use, crystal clear pictures of exactly rendered video output, and the power and reliability of an HTTP requester and HTML parser written manually without compromises in C.
A new user interface unique to the Links web browser makes work easier and faster for people seriously interested in routine, fast, accurate and secure work with the World Wide Web. New functions like asynchronous DNS lookup and the possibility of smoothly enlarging images on the page make possible unprecedentedly quick movement in WWW space. Orienting on thumbnails in image search engines is made easier using this image enlargement technology. A simple and thorough system of interactive menus allows easy and unambiguous configuration of the browser with maximum possible security for sensitive data.
About this documentation
Contents
Introduction to the Links web browser
The Links web browser has been conceived to fulfill the complex demands of today’s low-level IT specialists.
Ease of control, productivity and compatibility
The Links web browser posesses easily controllable powerful internal mechanisms for DNS lookup, HTTP requests, HTML parsing, decoding of image data streams, execution of Javascript and rendering of quality video graphics. The system ensures very high and accurate graphical power suitable even for demanding applications, like the presentation of medical data with high grey scale dynamics (such as X-ray images) in projection halls or previewing professional photography archives and presentation volumes from primary image data carriers in 48-bit colour depth corresponding to use of professional drum scanners. At the same time, it supports common display monitors or projectors with the standard colour depth of only 24 bits per pixel, even under unfavourable gamma conditions in the display chain. All web applications that involve image material may be exploited in a way that ensures an unusually high quality level in the graphics output and in accomodation to a particular user’s working environment. Information loss can be prevented even at high processing speeds, exploiting the wide possibilities of the WWW interface.
The user interface in text mode is backward-compatible with the Lynx web browser; therefore users who have been using this browser until now can easily move on to Links.
Font ergonomy and use of the screen area
The resampling subsystem of Links presents a typeface with unprecedented legibility even at extremely high numbers of lines per screen. Thanks to this, the use of the screen area can extend to the physical boundary of the specific monitor available to the user. Both reliability in reading and comfort at work are increased, and work output is maximized. A technology of adaptive convolution increases these benefits in areas of small interline pixel pitch.
On the other hand the resampling technology used brings finer letter contours at high interline pitches, reduction of the amount of font data necessary, and unusual flexibility in extending the unicode glyph set by national alphabetic or arbitrary pictorial symbols, independently of the source platform of the glyph image data. Moreover insertion of a glyph is possible without prior vectorisation directly from physical image carriers immediately after performing rasterization on the image acquisition device.
Low-profile footprint in the file system
This unique technology (LPFFS) allows immediate and easy simultaneous integration of all browser components into the existing file hierarchy of the operating system. Thanks to LPFFS, the browser after installation takes the form of a single executable file into which all components necessary for running are already integrated. This avoids many problems during installation and possible uninstallation. Conflict-free installation of the browser is fostered in an existing file system while maintaining compatibility with the file system hierarchy standard (FHS) even on very large and complicated systems with remote directory tree sharing over a network.
Accuracy of graphical element presentation
Images, graphics and colour elements of HTML pages are processed in a highly standardized way, which ensures maximum reproducibility of the output on various imaging platforms and for diverse image formats. The video and typesetting subsystems complies to standards RFC 1867, RFC 1942, RFC 1945, RFC 2068, RFC 2109, RFC 959, RFC 1738, RFC 1808, RFC 1288, ITU T.81, CCIR Recommendation 601, JFIF 1.02, ISO DIS 10918-1, RFC 2083, IEC 61966-2-1, ISO 9241.
Important features
- Portability on Linux, BSD, Unices in general, OS/2, BeOS, AtheOS, FreeMint, Cygwin (pod Windows).
- Links displays in graphics mode (a mouse is necessary) on X-Window systems (UN*X, Cygwin), SVGAlib, linux framebuffer, OS/2 Pmshell and Atheos GUI.
- Links displays in text mode (a mouse is optional) on UN*X console, ssh/telnet virtual terminal, VT100 terminal, xterm and basically any other text terminal. The mouse is supported under GPM, xterm and OS/2. Links supports color terminals.
- Easy and fast user control using pull-down menus in both text and graphics mode, in 25 languages.
- HTML 4.0 support (without CSS).
- HTTP 1.2 as well as HTTP 1.0 support
- Tables, frames in both graphics and text mode, built-in image display in graphics mode.
- Built-in display of image formats GIF, JPEG, PNG, XBM and TIFF in graphics mode.
- Anti-advert filter on animated GIFs.
- Javascript support in graphics as well as in text mode with full control of the user over the script run (currently deactivated. See appendix 1).
- Bookmarks.
- Background downloading of files.
- Automatic re-establishment when TCP connection fails.
- Display of pages during download.
- Keep-alive connection (keeping the connection for some time after downloading document).
- Asynchronous (or background) DNS lookup
- Cache for formatted documents — Links is the only browser that has a cache for formatted documents. Thanks to this cache a page is immediately displayed after returning to it and the user doesn’t have to wait for lengthy page formatting.
- Possibility of setting up external programs for all MIME types; possibility of selecting the program during every opening of a file if more than one program is set for a single file type.
- Quality 48-bit gamma correction, oversampling and Floyd-Steinberg dithering in all colour depths.
- Oversampling (antialiasing) of letters in a practically unlimited range of interline pitches, optimization of letters and images for LCD display.
- Fonts are compiled directly into the executable file, so that Links doesn’t rely on fonts installed on the system.
- Possibility of setting the font size in the setup menu as well as on the page, and enlarging of images by the user.
- User-settable gamma (red, green, blue) for the monitor and a gamma for workplace lighting correction. Accurate calibration of both monitor and Links using a preset calibration pattern.
- Automatic correction of pixel aspect ratio for the modes 640×200, 640×400, 320×200 with user-settable additional correction.
- Support for one-wheel (vertical scroll) and two-wheel (vertical and horizontal scroll) mice, and smooth canvas scrolling by grabbing the canvas with the mouse (making it unnecessary to have a mouse with a built-in wheel).
- Easy installation — the browser is a single executable file.
Supported platforms
- AIX
- AtheOS (AtheOS graphics environment)
- BeOS
- Cygwin under Windows
- FreeBSD
- FreeMint
- HPUX
- Irix
- Linux (Xorg, SVGAlib, framebuffer)
- MacOS X
- NetBSD
- OpenBSD
- OS/2 (Pmshell)
- Solaris
- SunOS
- Tru64
Installation
Links is shipped as a source code tarball links-2.3.tar.gz . The source code is freely accessible on the web. For the installation we assume that you have one of the files links-2.3.tar.gz or links-2.3.tar.bz2 in your current working directory.
Installation requirements
To install and run Links in text mode, the following basic programs are necessary:
- one of the supported operating systems listed above
- the tar archiving program and the gzip or bzip2 compression program
- a C language compiler with header files and libc library conforming to the POSIX norm
- the make program
For operation in graphics mode the following additional libraries are necessary:
- a graphics system (X-Window , SVGAlib , AtheOS , or Pmshell)
- the image support libraries libpng , libtiff , and libjpeg
If libtiff or libjpeg is not installed on your system, the browser will compile without TIFF or JPEG image support respectively. However, the libpng library is necessary for operation of the browser , as the internal fonts are stored in PNG format.
The following libraries are optional:
- SSL library — for SSL protocol support
- libgpm library — for work with mouse on text consoles. We recommend version 1.19 and higher (especially on the framebuffer).
Warning:
You need the development packages for these libraries as well. They contain header files necessary for compilation. If your system uses a package management system, check that you have packages with «devel» or «dev» in their name installed for these libraries.
Compilation and installation
- Unpack the installation archive links-2.3.tar.gz ; a directory named links-2.3 will be created.
- Alternatively, if you don’t have the gzip program , but only the bzip2 program, you can unpack the links-2.3.tar.bz2 archive with these commands:
- Enter the created directory links-2.3
- Run the configuration script «./configure», it will automatically detect what libraries you have and switch on corresponding functions of the browser accordingly. If you want to compile the browser as a text-only version (without graphics support), write only The configure program should find all necessary libraries on your system. In rare cases it can happen that some libraries are not found although they are installed (for example when you have an atypical installation). In this case you will need to enter the correct library path manually using compiler switches:
- —with-ssl=path , where path is the path to SSL library (typically is in /usr/local/ssl or /usr/lib/ssl )
- —x-libraries=path , where path is the path to the X-Window libraries (typically /usr/X11/lib )
- —x-includes=path , where path is the path to X-Window header files (typically /usr/X11/include )
If you do not know the path to some library, consult your system administrator.
If you want to set up configuration script parameters in a more detailed way, the following command will show you all the possible parameters: If you need to set up special paths to header files and libraries before running the configure script, set up the following environment variables CFLAGS , CPPFLAGS , LDFLAGS. If you want, for example, to look for header files in the path /usr/ext/include and libraries in the path /usr/ext/lib , before running the configure script, write (in bash ): Note: This advice is only for advanced users; if you aren’t sure, ask your system administrator.
This completes the installation. Now it is necessary to calibrate the browser. If your browser is compiled for text mode only, skip the calibration procedure and go directly to the following section on the .links configuration file.
Browser calibration
Run or possibly write a different path to the file calibration.html depending on where you copied the document.
If you are connected to the Internet, you can display the calibration directly from the Internet. Write on the command line: After seeing the welcome dialogue, close it by pressing ENTER , then press the key ESC or click the left mouse button on the bar on the top edge of the browser window. Then using the left and right arrow keys, move on to «Help» and press ENTER . Possibly click by mouse on «Help». Now using the up and down arrow keys, select «Calibration» and press ENTER or directly click on «Calibration».
On the screen you should see this picture:
Now proceed exactly step by step according to the instructions on your screen.
Warning:
Image quality is not guaranteed without calibration .
The .links Configuration file
When you run the browser for the first time, the .links directory will be created in your home directory, as determined by the $HOME system variable (or, if this doesn’t exist, in the directory where the binary file links is stored). This created directory will be used for storing configuration files, bookmarks, history and more system information.
Warning:
Do not erase the configuration directory! Otherwise you will lose all your browser settings and bookmarks.
Installation | Contents | The Links user interface |
Running Links in different environments
This chapter provides basic information about launching the Links browser in text mode inside a virtual console or xterm, and in various graphical environments. In the following chapters you can find a detailed description how to control and run Links, including individual menu functions and browser setup.
The browser is easy to launch. Enter the directory containing the binary file links and type on the command line: If the binary file is in your command path, you can launch Links from any directory. Just type on the command line:
You can, if you wish, include in the command the URL of the page you want to fetch, or a path to an HTML file on the local filesystem.
Example: Links will then open and immediately display the requested page.
You can enter options between the links command and any URL that you specify. These options control the running of the browser. They are written in the form -switch , where «switch» is the name of the option. The options are separated from the program name and from each other by spaces.
Some options demand a value or argument, which you must write after the option name and again separated by a space. The following table shows the most commonly used options and their meaning.
Switch | Meaning | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
-g | The browser will run in graphics mode. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
-mode | Sets the graphics driver mode (see below). | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
-driver | Specifies a graphics system to be used. If you do not use the switch, the graphics system will be autodetected. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
-help | Prints out a summary of switches and keyboard control. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
-version | Displays the version number of the program. Text mode and graphics modeIf you are running in a virtual console, rather than an xterm on your graphical desktop, you will need to have the gpm daemon running in order to be able to use the mouse. However the text mode in Links functions perfectly well without the mouse. To enter graphics mode you have to use the -g option . Type on the command line: Links will try to autodetect the graphic systems which you have installed on your computer. If it finds one, it will switch into graphics mode. Graphics systems will be searched for in this sequence: pmshell , x , svgalib , atheos . If you want to choose a graphics system manually, use the option -driver with one of the arguments: pmshell , x or svgalib . If you are using the X-Window system and detection fails, you will need to set up the environmental variable DISPLAY to point to your display. The -mode option is used to pass parameters to the graphics driver. For SVGAlib systems, it is used to determine screen resolution. For the X-Window system it selects the display. X-Window graphics systemGrayscale modes are not supported, and nor are so-called «StaticColor» modes which do not allow the setting up of private colour palettes. If your display has several colour depths, the browser will choose the highest one. If you have a display with only paletted mode, the program will create its own colour palette, which will be set up on activation of the window and unset after deactivation. In the X-Window system the -mode option sets the display for the output from Links web browser. The display is written down in the form In the majority of cases the display number and screen number are zero. If it is a local computer, the computer address is an empty string. If you do not select the display using this option, the environment variable DISPLAY will be read. If it is not set, the browser will open on the display :0.0 . Examples, what the command line may look like during running under the X-Window system: In the first example the output of the browser will be displayed on the remote computer delta.ether.net . In the second case you explicitly say that the X-Window graphics driver should be used and the output should be displayed on the computer you run the browser on. The third case is equivalent to the second one. In the last example the output will be displayed on computer micron in local network, on display number 1. Other graphics systems: SVGAlib and framebufferIn this case you use the -mode option to set the graphics resolution. To list all possible resolutions write: Graphics resolution is specified in the form: where width and height are dimensions of the screen in pixels and colour depth determines the number of colours. Possible colour depths are: 16 , 256 , 32K , 64K , 16M , 16M32 . Example of graphics modes: If you want for example to run Links in graphics resolution 1024×768 and 16 million colours, write: If you are using Links under the Linux operating system, you can also run it graphically in the framebuffer. There is a limitation that only systems with linear memory mapping are supported. Another limitation is the mouse driver, which is implemented using the gpm library, in the interests of portability. As the gpm library was created for text mode, and graphics mode has much higher resolution, this would make the mouse too slow. Therefore the mouse pointer doesn’t move smoothly but in steps of several pixels. In exceptional cases it is possible that a particular place on the screen will not be possible to click on. In this case you can use the F5 , F6 , F7 , and F8 keys for fine movement control of the mouse pointer. This is not a bug in Links, but in the gpm library, which is character oriented. There is no other option for reading the mouse on the framebuffer. If you do not like this solution, please write to the authors of gpm and ask them to add graphics support to gpm . If you have administrator rights, it is possible to change the source code of gpm for the mouse pointer to move smoothly, and then recompile gpm . Patch gpm with the patch included with Links, which you find in the same directory as the program; it is named PATCH-gpm-1.20.0-smooth-cursor . The patch has been created for source codes of gpm version 1.20.0. It will probably work for other versions of gpm too. Virtual consoles versus windowsLinks has the capacity to create so called virtual consoles on graphics systems such as the Linux framebuffer, where new browser windows cannot be created. After launching the browser, it is possible to create up to 10 virtual consoles which correspond to browser windows on a windowing system. You can switch between virtual consoles using the key combinations ALT +1 , ALT +2 to ALT +0 . If you create a new browser window (for example by using the function «New window»), a new virtual console will be allocated with lowest number available (after running the browser you are therefore on virtual console number 1) and the requested page will be displayed on it. If you close this window, the corresponding virtual console will disappear and the remaining consoles will remain as they are — they won’t be renumbered as one might expect. This technique allows users to view several pages in parallel even on systems where windows can’t be created.
The Links user interfaceAfter launching, the web browser window is displayed. If you entered a URL on the command line, the requested page will be displayed directly. Otherwise you will see a plain gray screen. At the bottom edge of the window a status line is visible, where information about progress of the connection is displayed. The link address is also displayed here, when you point to a link with the cursor, as well as image titles and similar things. In the upper left corner there is a left-pointing arrow that allows you to move back to previous pages. Basic termsBefore describing the interface in detail,we will clarify some terms that will later occur in the text: mouse buttons: The basic mouse has either two or three buttons on it: in this manual they will be referred to as left, right, and middle. Some mice have a scroll wheel instead of the middle button (we will talk about scrolling later). This wheel works as a middle button when you press it. When you roll the wheel, you scroll up and down. Mice with two wheels occur too — one instead of the middle button and one instead of the right button. The middle wheel (wheel 1) is used for vertical scrolling and the right wheel (wheel 2) for scrolling in the horizontal direction. clicking: In Links, this always means a single click with a mouse button. Usually you will be told which button should be clicked; for example «click right button on the OK button» which means placing the cursor over the button with the label «OK» and pressing and releasing the right button. If you are not told which button should be clicked, the left button is meant. Warning: in some programs, clicking means double-clicking. In Links, the button always is pressed and released only once. If you press the button twice, it will be treated as two clicks. cursor This can refer to the mouse pointer in graphical mode or to the rectangular box that covers the current character position in text mode. arrow keys / cursor keys: The quartet of keys in the central section of the keyboard. These keys are marked with arrows: up, down, left, and right and are used to control the cursor in text mode. main menu: This is situated on the horizontal bar at the upper edge of the screen, but is hidden until you click on the bar or press the escape key. It provides groups of browser functions («Setup», «View», «File», and so on). Each main menu entry leads to a pull-down menu containing individual functions. URL: Abbreviation for «Uniform Resource Locator», which means the address of a document on the network. The basic form of the URL (some parts are not mandatory) is: Using URLs, HTTP documents (web pages) can be accessed as well as FTP directories and files on local disks. Examples of URLs: Frames and scrollingAs is well known, HTML pages can contain separate frames. It is possible to switch between individual frames in text mode by using the TAB key and in graphics mode by clicking inside the frame. Scrolling a page is simple too. In graphics mode you can scroll using the scrollbar situated on the right side of the frame. You can also scroll by using the arrow keys. The up arrow moves you up to the previous page and the down arrow to the next page. The PAGE UP and PAGE DOWN keys also take you to the previous or next page of the document. You can also scroll forward by one page by pressing the space bar. The HOME and END keys move you to the beginning or end of document, respectively. If you have a mouse with a wheel, you can scroll vertically in graphics mode by using this wheel. If you have a mouse with two wheels, the first wheel (usually in place of middle button) scrolls vertically and second wheel (usually in place of the right button) scrolls horizontally. Even if you do not have a wheel mouse, you can scroll at any time by using the middle button: hold the middle button down and move the mouse as if you wanted to grab and slide the paper page by hand. This method works for shifting in both directions — horizontally and vertically. So if you hold the middle button and move the mouse to the right, the view will being moved towards the left edge of the whole page. With the mouse you therefore move in the opposite direction than with the scrollbar. You can also move the page using the right mouse button but only when you do not hit an image, link, form element or similar. If you hit one of these with the right button, a menu of actions appears that can be performed with the image, link, or element. In text mode the keys PAGE UP , PAGE DOWN , HOME , END and space work analogously. As the arrow keys are used for movement across links, the page is moved to the left and right by the [ and ] keys , and up and down by the INSERT and DELETE keys (or by CTRL +p a CTRL +n . Note: If a page contains several frames, these methods move you within the current frame only. Links and the status lineLinks are followed in graphics mode simply by clicking the link. In text mode, you first have to select the link using the up/down arrows. The currently selected link is highlighted in inverse video. If you want to follow the link, press the right arrow key or the ENTER key. Links are shown in blue, unless the page defines a different colour for the links. When you click on a link, Links first looks up the address (sends a query to the DNS server). Then it starts establishing a connection with the remote server. After the connection is established, a request for the page is transmitted and Links then waits for the reply. The whole course of the communication is displayed in the status line at the bottom of the screen. As soon as the whole page is downloaded, «OK» will be displayed. If the page has not been completely downloaded, you can terminate the connection by using the «back» function in the File menu, by hitting the Z key (or, in text mode, the left arrow key), and also by clicking the left arrow in the top left corner. Adter loading the page, the status line shows informations about links, images and other elements of page. If you move over a link, the address of the target is displayed (you can easily determine if something is a link by this method). If you move over an image, its title (alt attribute or URL of the image in case it doesn’t have an alt) is displayed. After moving over a form element (text area, checkbox, radio button etc.) information about that particular form element is displayed (for example its name, value, address where the form will be sent to, . ). If javascript is running on the page, it can also write into the status line. In this case the status line doesn’t show the information described above but instead shows the text that javascript set. What a status line at the bottom edge of the screen looks like. During downloading, an image not yet decoded is displayed as an empty frame the size of the image (as specified in the HTML code). After downloading and decoding the image, it will be displayed instead of this frame. If an error occurs such that the image cannot be downloaded (the image is damaged or it can’t be displayed for another reason) a broken frame will be shown instead of the image. A frame has the dimensions of the image, where these are known. If they are not known, the frame has the basic dimensions 32×32 pixels. The upper part of the image shows what a broken image looks like. In the lower part you see the empty frame for an image not yet downloaded. Objects on the pageLinks only partially supports certain HTML tags, which can occur on a page. As some of these can contain important information, Links displays the following tags as links:
In text mode you can also encounter USEMAP or IMAP buttons, which are displayed instead of a clickable map image. After clicking on the button a list of links (which are in graphics mode under individual images) is displayed, from which you can choose the link you want to follow. On some pages you can encounter a link Refresh linking to a different page. «Refresh» is redirection to a different page, which is performed automatically by some browsers. Links does not perform redirection automatically, because it can be very frustrating for the user who wishes to go back to the previous page; after pressing «Go back» she hits the redirect instruction and this will automatically direct her forward again. To avoid this, redirection is displayed as «Refresh» in Links. After clicking the link, redirection to the target page will be performed. If some characters occur on a web page which Links doesn’t have in its built-in font, a «blotch» character will be displayed instead of them. If there are too many blotches in the page and you think that the page should display correctly, try in «HTML options» menu in «View» to change the value of «Default codepage». It is possible that the server doesn’t send information about code page and you just have a different encoding set as default. It is also possible that the server is sending wrong information about the code page of the document. In this case you can tick the entry «Ignore charset info sent by the server» in the same menu. Instead of a missing character, a blotch symbol is displayed: If foreground and background colours have luminances which are too similar, then a foreground colour will be selected with as much contrast to the background colour as possible. This function is built into Links to increase the legibility of text on pages that have unsuitable colours which make the text difficult for the user to read. Warning: Links menusThe whole Links program is controlled using interactive menus; control is therefore very easy and intuitive. All functions can be reached from the main menu, and additionally most can be launched by a so-called hot key. You can invoke the main menu by pressing the ESC key or by clicking the mouse on the bar along the top edge of the window. You can close the menu by pressing the ESC again or by clicking underneath the bar. You select individual entries in the menu either by a direct mouse click, or by using the cursor keys — in the main menu the left and right arrow keys, and in pull-down menus the up and down arrow keys. Activate your chosen function by pressing ENTER or the space bar. Some menu entries have one character of the name highlighted in inverse video. If you press this letter when in the menu, a direct choice of this entry will be performed, which is usually faster than moving onto the entry with the text cursor or the mouse. To the right of some entries a so called hot key is listed. If you press this hot key anywhere in the browser, the corresponding function will be directly called, which is again faster than looking for the function in menu. However, you don’t have to remember hot keys — all the available functions can be reached through the menu. Dialog windowsLinks dialogs are designed for functionality, not beauty. Memory and processor cycles are not wasted on pretty 3D effects such as buttons that move when you press them. The dialogs are designed to be equally easy to use with both keyboard and mouse. Dialog windows are controlled in a way very similar to menus: up and down arrows select individual fields of the dialog, the spacebar activates the selected field (button, checkbox, etc). You can also of course use the mouse. Dialogs can be cancelled by using the ESC key. The dialog is closed and all changes are forgotten. On the other the ENTER key closes the dialogue and all changes will be accepted. Dialogs often contain fields for entering text. Before doing so, you must activate the field (by either clicking it with mouse or selecting it using the cursor keys) — a text cursor will then appear in the field. After this you can normally insert text, numbers and so on. The left and right arrow keys move the cursor within the text field. The BACKSPACE and DELETE keys delete the text. CTRL +x erases the whole line and puts it into the clipboard (OS/2 only). Keys CTRL +v insert the clipboard contents (again only on OS/2). CTRL +u erases text from the cursor to the beginning of the line. The up and down arrow keys allow you to browse the history of previously entered values. while the CTRL +w key combination activates a text autocompletion function. If you want to enter text that you have already entered previously, just a few leading characters can be typed and a previously used continuation will be filled in, or a dialogue is presented if there is more than one possible choice. The up and down arrow keys leave the text field and therefore end the edit. All Links dialogs have two buttons at the bottom labeled OK and Cancel By clicking on the OK key you confirm your entries. By clicking on Cancel you cancel them.
Functions accessible through the menuNow we are going to show all functions of the browser in detail, as they are listed in the menu. File MenuIn the File menu you will find functions for working with URLs: changing the current URL, history, bookmarks, then functions for downloading documents, system information, an operating system command line and exiting the browser. Goto URLGo back HistoryReloadDuring the first invocation of this function, this page will be requested again from the network. If there is a proxy server between you and the Internet, it can hapen that this proxy replies immediately from its own cache and will not download the document from network. Therefore second and further «Reload» invocations force downloading from the network even with a proxy cache. During second and subsequent «Reload», a «Pragma: no-cache» is actually present in the HTTP request. BookmarksBookmarks allow you easy storage of a pointer to an interesting page. They are used in the same way as bookmarks in a book. The bookmark consist of a name (bookmark label) and a URL. Bookmarks are arranged in directories, which makes navigation easier and more comfortable. After invoking the «Bookmarks» function, a bookmark manager window appears on the screen. The upper part of the window contains a list of bookmarks and directories (or their names). Below this are buttons for managing the bookmarks. Within the list in the upper part of the window, the cursor keys, and the PAGE UP , PAGE DOWN , HOME and END keys move the current selection (indicated by an inverse video bar). You can select an entry in this list as in a menu: use the up and down arrow keys, or click the left mouse button on the entry you want. PAGE UP or HOME move you to the top of the list, PAGE DOWN or END to the bottom. Scrolling is performed by holding the middle mouse button and dragging the mouse up and down or by using the scrollbar at the right edge of the window. To the left of every entry there is a graphics symbol that indicates whether it is a bookmark, an open directory, or a closed directory. A minus sign in a square means a closed directory, a plus sign in a square means an open directory and a longer horizontal line means a bookmark. Vertical lines show which directory the bookmark belongs to. You can open or close a directory by clicking the directory symbol or moving on to directory and pressing the space bar. Alternatively, the + key opens a directory, the — key closes it. Now we will describe individual actions that can be performed using the buttons at the bottom of the window. These buttons work with the entry (bookmark or directory) that currently has the cursor bar. We will call this the current entry.
Directory: Creates a new directory. After pressing this button a dialogue will appear into which you enter the name of the new directory. A new directory will be created. If the current entry is an open directory, the new directory will be made within this directory. Otherwise it will be created in the same directory as the current entry. Add: Works similarly to the «directory» button, but creates a new bookmark. Again a dialogue will appear into which you enter a name and URL for the bookmark. If you have some page displayed, both these entries will already be filled in with title and URL of this page. After pressing OK a new bookmark will be created below the current entry. As with directories, if the current entry is an open directory, the new bookmark will be placed in it. Delete: Deletes the current entry. If it is a directory, this also deletes all entries within it. Before deletion you will be asked to confirm that you wish to delete the entry. Entries in the list can also be moved. This function is performed by the Move button . First it is necessary to mark the entry you wish to move. An entry can be marked by the INSERT or * keys (these are toggle keys that mark an unmarked entry and unmark a marked one), or by clicking the right mouse button on the corresponding entry. The marked entry has an asterisk before its name (in text mode) or a little square (in graphics mode). Using the Unselect all button, you can deselect all entries. When a directory is closed, all entries inside the directory are automatically deselected. When you have marked all the entries that you want to move, place the cursor bar over the entry behind which you want to move the selected entries, and click the Move button . The selected entries will be moved behind the current entry; if the current entry is an open directory, the entries will be placed into that directory. Moved entries will be in the same order as they were before the movement so that the sequence of selected entries will not change. Directories will be moved with their contents. Note: Bookmarks are stored in the file bookmarks.html in the .links sub-directory in your home directory. The format of the file is compatible with that used in Netscape, therefore it is possible to have common bookmarks for the Links and Netscape browsers. The path and name of the file where bookmarks will be stored can be selected in the «Setup->Miscellaneous Options» menu. In this menu you can also set up encoding of the bookmarks file. If you change the file or encoding of the bookmarks, the changes that you have made in bookmarks, will be automatically stored and a file with new bookmarks will be loaded. Changes in bookmarks (for example addition or deletion) are automatically stored at exit of the browser. Therefore it is not necessary to save the bookmarks explicitly with the menu function. After the first run of the browser (when the bookmark file doesn’t yet exist), a basic bookmark file will be created for you. This file will contain the Links home page and calibration page. New windowIn svgalib and framebuffer graphics environments, instead of opening a new window, the lowest available free virtual console number will be assigned to a newly created virtual console. The requested page will be displayed on this console. You can switch between virtual consoles by using the keys ALT+0 to ALT +9 . If you close a console, it will disappear and the remaining consoles will remain as they are. They will not be renumbered. Save asSave URL asKill background connectionsFlush all cachesResource infoOS ShellView Menu The View menu contains functions for processing the currently displayed page: searching the document, switching between formatted and unformatted views, information about the document, and HTML settings. SearchDuring searches, case is usually ignored. This however is not the case with letters that carry accents. Accented letters will be searched for exactly as. written. Therefore don’t forget this behaviour during entering the text. For explanation we’ll show couple of examples:
Search backwardsFind nextFind previousToggle html/plainDocument infoHeader infoFrame at full-screenHTML options In this menu, various options for page display can be set. The menu contains the following entries:
Warning: Save HTML optionsLink menu The link menu contains actions that can be carried out on the currently selected link — for example download, display image, and follow link. In graphics mode, this menu can also be displayed as a context menu by right-clicking on the link. Downloads menuContains an overview of files that are currently being downloaded in the background. After clicking one of the items, a window with detailed information and the option to interrupt is presented. In the following picture you can see the menu with selection of individual files being downloaded. The following information is displayed in the window displayed for each file:
Thus a window with detailed information about a particular file looks like: Clicking the Background button puts the download into the background again. The Abort button aborts the download. Abort and delete file aborts the download and also deletes the partially downloaded file. Warning! The browser won’t ask you for confirmation when you press these buttons — it will immediately abort. Therefore if you press this button in error, the download will be aborted and you will have to download the file again. Help menuThe Help menu contains helpful information on the program: a list of keyboard functions, an online manual and program licence information. The Keys entry displays a window with a list of hotkeys. After pressing the User’s manual entry an online manual will be displayed (this works only if you are connected to the Internet). You can also visit the Links homepage by clicking the Home page . By clicking Calibration you get into the browser calibration procedure, which needs to be performed after first launching the browser. This function also requires you to be connected to the Internet.
Customising Links: the Setup Menu In this menu you will find all the global settings for the browser, for example language, character set (for text terminal only), network, terminal, cache, and similar. If you change any of these settings, don’t forget to click the entry Save options , which saves the change into the configuration file. If you don’t save the changes, they will be forgotten when the program closes down, and the old values will be used when the browser is started up next time. Language This menu allows you to select a language for the user interface. Up and down arrows select language, enter confirms the selection, the key ESC cancels the selection menu. Terminal optionsVideo settingsThe «Video Settings» entry is available only in graphics mode. After clicking on it, the video setting window will appear. It is possible to set the gamma for your monitor, turn image and text dithering on or off, turn on aspect ratio correction or optimize for LCD displays. The dialog contains fields for entering gamma correction value for individual colour channels (red, green, blue) and then user gamma for correction of ambient lighting. A description of correct gamma setting follows. Setting the gamma correction
Now, having correctly set up your monitor, you can set the gamma correction:
Table of gamma corrections for various lighting intensities:
Warning: The Aspect ratio fields are for aspect ratio correction in graphics modes with non-square pixels. The usual ratio for cathode ray tube monitors is 4:3 (800×600, 1024×768, 640×480 etc.) With these resolutions, the pixels on the screen are square. With other resolutions (e. g. 640×400, 320×200) the pixels are elongated in one direction. So if you try to draw a square on the screen, you will see an oblong. The Aspect ratio option corrects this problem. Fill in the field Aspect ratio with the ratio of monitor pixel width divided by monitor pixel height. So if the image is too narrow and tall, insert a number greater than 1, if too wide and low, set a number lower than 1. In typical cases the default setting of 1 should be sufficient, because the graphics driver automatically determines the resolution and calculates a correction coefficient according to this, for a screen with 4:3 side ratio. If this is not enough (for example you have an atypical monitor), the coefficient has to be set manually. By ticking up the field Aspect correction on you turn on the aspect correction. If the aspect correction is off, the pixels on screen are mapped 1:1 to pixels on the CRT/LCD. To summarize: turn on the aspect ration correction, leave the value at 1 and try out with the calibration picture; if the circle is displayed as an ellipse, correct the shape by chaging the value. Increase if the picture is too tall and narrow, decrease if too low and wide. Furthemore you can use this menu to set the output device for which the picture should be optimized. Tick up one of the following possibilities:
You can find the pixel sequence for your LCD in the technical manual or you can look with a magnifying glass or try out the options to find the best sharpness for small letters. The LCD display correction is necessary because on an LCD display the picture elements are side by side so that the three separate images are shifted by 1/3 pixel. On a CRT this is adjusted so that the images fit exactly over each other. Network options In this dialogue you set parameters for network access. HTTP and FTP proxy cache: if your network is behind a proxy server, it is necessary to set the address of your HTTP or FTP proxy server. If you don’t know it, ask your network administrator. The address is inserted either as address or address:port . For example: If an HTTP proxy cache is configured, all HTTP requests will be set to the configured proxy using the given address and port. Similarly for FTP. Furthermore various network connection parameters can be set: Max connections: Determines the maximum number of open connections (overall). Max connections to one host: Determines the maximum number of open connections to a single host (server). Retries (0-unlimited): Number of attempts to reopen a broken connection. Receive timeout (sec): Time (in seconds) to wait when no more data is coming in, before the connection is deemed dead and the browser tries to reconnect. Timeout when unrestartable: Elapsed time in seconds with no successful restart attempt before the connection is closed. Async DNS lookup: Whether aynchronous DNS lookup should be performed. If this option is on, several DNS translations can be performed while downloading data. This speeds up download of files. Set time of downloaded files: If this is checked, downloaded files will have the time of last modification set to the current time on the server from which they were downloaded. The FTP options button invokes a dialog where you can enter a password for anonymous access to FTP servers. Some FTP servers require a password for anonymous access, usually your email address. Warning: The button HTTP options invokes a dialogue for setting the properties of HTTP connections. In this dialogue you can set:
The Header options button allows you to set the refer information to one of the following possibilities. HTTP refer means that the browser sends information to the server telling from which page you got to the currently loaded page. However this is not secure, as you may wish to keep this information undisclosed. The following are your options:
You have the option to enter a text string into the Fake User-Agent field. This text will be sent to the server as user-agent. User-agent is a string giving information about your browser and operating system. By default true information about your operating system and the Links browser is sent. If you insert any text into this field, then this text will be sent instead and the server will never know your real operating system and browser. If you leave the field empty, the true user-agent will be reported. Miscellaneous options In the «Miscellaneous options» dialog in graphics mode you can set the menu letter size. You can also set the file where bookmarks are stored and character encoding of the bookmarks. Menu font size determines how big letters should be in the menu. The size is counted in screen pixels. You can set colours for various parts of the menu: foreground , background , scrollbar , scrollbox , and scrollbar frame . All colours should be entered as hexadecimal triplets for the red, green and blue bytes. That is six characters, two for each component, chosen from the characters 0-9 , a-F . For example 00ff00 is bright green, 000000 is black, 444400 is dark yellow, a700a7 is light violet, ffffff is white and so on. Bookmarks file is a file into which the bookmarks will be saved (see the section on bookmarks). The default is bookmarks.html in the .links directory in your home directory. This dialog allows you to change the bookmark file, for example when you want to share bookmarks with other browsers. When you are changing the bookmarks file the changes you have already made will be saved into the old file and the new file will be automatically loaded. After clicking on Bookmarks encoding you will have an option to select the encoding in which the bookmarks file will be stored. Like changing the filename, a change in the encoding causes the pending changes to be saved into the old file in the old encoding and a new file in new encoding will be loaded. If it is not possible to determine keyboard input encoding in graphics mode from the environment variables, this menu contains one more entry. The entry is a button marked Keyboard encoding . After pressing this button you will be presented with a choice of encoding in which your keyboard sends the characters. This setting is different for each graphics driver. For example you can have a different encoding for SVGAlib than for X-Window system. The encoding selection is always related to the graphics driver you are currently using. CacheIn this dialogue you can set the cache size for document cache (in kilobytes) and number of formatted documents that can be stored in the cache. Maximum number of documents in the cache is 256. Mail and telnet In this dialog you can set programs for mail and telnet. They are used for links like «mailto:», «telnet:», and «tn3270:». The dialog contains three text fields: program for mail, program for telnet and program for tn3270. Write commands which should be executed into these fields, the character «\» will be replaced by the address (for mail) or the name of machine and port (for telnet). Associations and extensionsThese two functions allow you to request execution of external programs for unknown file types. Each file received over the network has a so-called MIME type. This is a text string consisting of two parts separated by a slash (/). The part before the slash is the so-called main type (text, image, audio etc.). The part after slash defines the file format. For example when the main type is audio, the format could be MP3. In the table below you can find an overview of some widely used MIME types.
The Links browser can display only text and images; however it allows you to choose external programs to be executed for other MIME types, for example for audio files. For this there are two functions. With «associations» you can specify an external program and the MIME types for which this program should be executed. With «extensions» you can assign MIME types to file extensions for cases where the MIME type is not known to Links or cannot be acquired from the server, but can be derived from the filename extension. Both associations and extensions are managed using a dialog very similar to the «Bookmark manager» dialog. After invoking the «Associations» or «File extensions» function, a dialog labeled «Associations manager» or «Extension manager» appears. Working with the Associations manager and the Extensions manager is the same. Therefore we first describe the common elements, and then the dialogs for editing and addition, which differ between associations and extensions. As in the bookmark manager, there is a list of extensions or associations in the top window. There are Add , Delete , Edit , Move , Unselect all and Close buttons at the bottom. Each extension or association shows a label and a mime-type after a colon which belongs to the association or extension. It is possible to select an entry in the upper part of the window as you do in a menu. The selected entry is highlighted by an inverse video bar. You can move the bar with cursor keys and PAGE UP , PAGE DOWN , HOME , and END keys. Left and right cursor keys select the button (at the bottom of the window), pressing ENTER activates the button. Alternatively click on a button to activate it. You can scroll through the list by holding the middle mouse button and moving the mouse up and down. It is also possible to scroll with the scrollbar at the right part of the window. Now we will describe individual actions that can be performed using the buttons. The buttons always have effect on the entry (extension or association) which is selected by the cursor. We will call this entry the current entry.
It is also possible to rearrange the entries in the list. This is what the Move button is for. First it is necessary to mark the entries we want to move. An entry can be marked by the INSERT key or * . These are toggle keys which unmark a marked entry and mark an unmarked one. It is also possible to mark entries by clicking the right mouse button on the entry. A marked entry has an asterisk in front (in text mode) or a square (graphics mode). If you press the Unselect all button, all entries will be unmarked. When you have all the entries marked that you want to move, move the cursor bar to the entry behind which you want to move the entries. Then press the Move button. The marked entries will be moved to just after the current entry. The marked entries will be in the same sequence as they were before the move (this means the relative sequence of the marked entries is unchanged). Note: Warning: Associations
Here are example of MIME type settings: Of course you can set more programs for a single MIME type (for example multiple PDF viewers). If you set more program, a dialog will be presented before executing the external program, where you can select which of the programs should be executed. File extensions If you are running the browser for the first time, extensions for basic file types (images, graphics formats, documents, music files, animations etc.) will be automatically created. Save settingsSaves the settings into the configuration file. If you change some setting and don’t save the settings later, then the change will be forgotten when the browser is exited. Therefore do not forget to save the setting if you change something and want it to be kept for the next execution of the browser.
Examples Displaying the www.linux.cz page How to change the page encoding to win-1250 Setting proxy server proxy.local.net and port 8000 We want to search for the word «cemetery» on a page Adding a bookmark on www.praha-mesto.cz into the «Cities» bookmark directory Running links in the X-Window system on the remote machine hammer-5.forge.cz and display 0:0 Problems and frequently asked questionsSolving problems
You forget to include the -g switch in the command line. Run the browser with this option. I am running the browser in graphics mode on a remote computer and I am getting the message «Not running in a graphics capable console, and unable to find one.» When I am using Links in SVGAlib, the browser (or the whole system) crashes. What should I do? When I run Links in SVGAlib, switch to another console and then switch back, Links stops running and a message reads «Segmentation fault». What should I do? After running the browser on the X-Window system an error message «No supported color depth found» pops up and the program terminates. Can I do anything with that? Why is the mouse cursor on the framebuffer moving in jerks and not smoothly? Can anything be done about that? Can I move the mouse more smoothly in this situation? And why is gpm being used then? The mouse on my framebuffer doesn’t work but gpm is running and works. What can I do about that? I am connected through an SSH connection to an X-server and Links is slow on pages with a lot of images. Why? Why does the left arrow not work for going back in history in graphics mode? The page looks «fallen apart». What is the cause? Why don’t animated GIFs work? On my web page the text is blue on a dark blue background. Why does Links display yellow text on a dark blue background? This is intentional. Background images don’t provide any extra information and just degrade the legibility of the text. If the background images were displayed, the font cache would be overloaded, which would cause an unnecessary slowdown. During execution on a remote computer over a network the network bandwidth would be wasted spectacularly , as practically every letter would have to be transmitted repeatedly. For example, for each occurence of the letter A, the whole bitmap of the letter would have to be transmitted, as each occurence would have a different background or the same background shifted by a different number of pixels. This would render the browser practically unusable for remote execution. Frequently asked questionsHow do I.
How do I refresh a stale page or image? You can enlarge the letters in menus in the «Setup-> Miscellaneous options» menu. Enter the desired pixel height into the «Menu font size» field. Letters on pages can be enlarged in the «View-> HTML options» menu in «User font size» field. General questions
Not currently. But see Appendix 1. I have heard that links supports gamma correction. Is that true? What is gamma correction? Why has Links become a graphical browser? Why did you write Links? Why didn’t you just add image display in AAlib into the text version of Links? Why doesn’t Links have a graphics driver for AAlib? Are you going to implement Java in Links? Why is Links written in C? Because C is an universal programming language characterized by efficient expressions, modern flow control and a multitude of operators. The generality of the C language makes it more suitable and efficient for much tasks than other «more powerful» languages. Have you written Links according to some standard? If so, which one? We have written it according to ANSI C, to attain portability on as many systems as possible. Why isn’t Links object oriented? Becuase the C language doesn’t have objects. Why isn’t Links multiprocessor/multithreaded? Because a single processor and single threading is more efficient. Why didn’t you use GTK or another toolkit for Links development? Why doesn’t Links have a button bar and a line for entering URLs? The URL entry line is utterly impractical because the user has to try laboriously to hit it with the mouse. Pressing one key more (to invoke the URL entry dialogue) is much more practical and faster. The dialogue takes up screen space only while entering URLs. Because there is no standardized interface for plugins; each browser has its own. The plugins are also insecure in that a crash of the plugin often causes a crash of the whole browser (which should not happen!). Appendix 1: Links and JavaScriptWhen Links was created, one of the main differences from Lynx was that Links supported JavaScript, even in text mode. It was controlled by the JavaScript 1.1 specification from Netscape Corporation. However JavaScript support was removed in release 2.1pre29 because it was buggy. In case it is restored, this appendix contains information on how to use it. The material in this appendix is not currently valid. To compile Links with JavaScript support, use the configure option —enable-javascript. Javascript OptionsWhen JavaScript is enabled, this option appears in the Setup menu. In this dialogue you can set up various parameters of the javascript interpreter.
Appendix 2: GNU general public licenceGNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE Version 2, June 1991 Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. The licenses for most software are designed to take away your freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free software — to make sure the software is free for all its users. This General Public License applies to most of the Free Software Foundation’s software and to any other program whose authors commit to using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by the GNU Library General Public License instead.) You can apply it to your programs, too. When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things. To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights. These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it. For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the source code. And you must show them these terms so they know their rights. We protect your rights with two steps:
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