Linux sendmail from command line

Отправка почты из командной строки Linux

Подготовка

Для начала устанавливаем утилиту для отправки почты. В противном случае мы увидим ошибку mail: command not found.

В Debian / Ubuntu:

apt-get install mailutils

В CentOS / Red Hat:

yum install mailx

Синтаксис

Можно отправить сообщение следующей командой:

echo «Test text» | mail -s «Test title» master@dmosk.ru

* в данном примере будет отправлено письмо на электронный адрес master@dmosk.ru с темой Test title и телом письма — Test text.

Если при отправке возникли проблемы, можно проверить логи следующей командой:

Примеры использования командной строки для email-отправки

1. Отправка письма с вложением

Для разных типов дистрибутива Linux команды могут отличаться.

а) для CentOS / Red Hat:

echo ‘Attachment’ | mail -s ‘Subject attachment message’ -a /var/log/maillog master@dmosk.ru

echo ‘Attachment’ | mail -s ‘Subject attachment message’ -a /var/log/maillog -a /var/log/maillog2 master@dmosk.ru

echo ‘Attachment’ | mail -s ‘Subject attachment message’ -A /var/log/maillog -A /var/log/maillog2 master@dmosk.ru

* где /var/log/maillog и /var/log/maillog2 — файлы, которые будут прикреплены к письму. Обратите внимание, что обе команды отличаются по регистру опции a и A — все зависит от версии и сборки Linux (в каких-то нужно использовать маленькую, в каких-то — большую). Также обратите внимание, что в примере для Ubuntu мы отправим 2 файла — для этого просто добавляем к команде еще одну опцию прикрепления файла.

2. Несколько получателей

Для отправки письма нескольким получателям, просто перечисляем их через запятую:

echo «Test text» | mail -s «Test title» master@dmosk.ru,shmaster@dmosk.ru

* в данном примере мы отправил письмо на ящики master@dmosk.ru и shmaster@dmosk.ru.

3. Отправка с копией

Отправить копию на адрес master2@dmosk.ru:

echo «Test copy» | mail -s «Test copy title» master@dmosk.ru -c master2@dmosk.ru

Отправить скрытую копию на адрес master3@dmosk.ru:

echo «Test hidden copy» | mail -s «Test hidden copy title» master@dmosk.ru -b master3@dmosk.ru

4. Указать отправителя

В CentOS / Red Hat:

echo «Test text» | mail -s «Test title» -r postmaster@dmosk.ru master@dmosk.ru

В Debian / Ubuntu:

echo «Test text» | mail -s «Test title» master@dmosk.ru -aFrom:postmaster@dmosk.ru

5. Отправка через другой SMTP сервер

а) Для Ubuntu / Debian:

echo «Test text» | mail -s «Test title» -a «Smtp: smtp.mail.ru:25» -a «From: postmaster@dmosk.ru» -a «Return-path: postmaster@dmosk.ru» master@dmosk.ru

б) Для CentOS / Red Hat:

echo «Test text» | mail -s «Test title» -S smtp=»smtp.mail.ru:25″ master@dmosk.ru

Однако, если сторонний почтовый сервер работает по шифрованному каналу и требует аутентификацию, необходимо ввести следующее:

echo «Test text» | mail -v -s «Test title» -S smtp=»smtp.dmosk.ru:587″ -S smtp-use-starttls -S smtp-auth=login -S smtp-auth-user=»master@dmosk.ru» -S smtp-auth-password=»password» -S ssl-verify=ignore -S nss-config-dir=/etc/pki/nssdb -S from=postmaster@dmosk.ru master@dmosk.ru

* где smtp.dmosk.ru — сервер smtp; 587 — порт для подключения к серверу отправки; smtp-use-starttls указывает на использование шифрования через TLS; smtp-auth=login задает аутентификацию с использованием логина и пароля; smtp-auth-user и smtp-auth-password — соответственно логин и пароль; ssl-verify=ignore отключает проверку подлинности сертификата безопасности; nss-config-dir указывает на каталог с базами nss; from задает поле FROM

При возникновении проблем, можно воспользоваться программой mutt. Сначала поставим ее.

а) если используем CentOS / Red Hat:

yum install mutt

б) если используем Ubuntu / Debian:

apt-get install mutt

Теперь можно пользоваться. Синтаксис:

echo «Текст сообщения» | mutt -s «Тема» [дополнительные опции] —

Примеры использования Mutt

1. Отправить вложение:

echo «Attachment» | mutt -s «subject» -a /var/log/maillog — master@dmosk.ru

* где /var/log/maillog — файл, который будет прикреплен к письму.

2. Указать отправителя:

echo «Mail From» | mutt -s «subject» -e ‘my_hdr From: Дмитрий

* данной командой mutt отправит письмо от postmaster@dmosk.ru.

3. Отправка через другой сервер.

Для начала, открываем файл с конфигурацией Mutt:

* в данном примере мы отправим всю нашу почту через узел smtp.mail.ru, порт 25.

Также можно добавить при необходимости:

set smtp_user = user
set smtp_pass = password
set ssl_verify_host = no
set ssl_verify_dates = no
set ssl_starttls = no
set ssl_force_tls = no

• smtp_user — имя учетной записи, под которой нужно авторизоваться на SMTP.
• smtp_pass — пароль для аутентификации.
• ssl_verify_host — нужно ли проверять валидность сертификата.
• ssl_verify_dates — нужно ли проверять дату действия сертификата.
• ssl_starttls — нужно ли использовать STARTTLS.
• ssl_force_tls — нужно ли принудительное использование TLS.

Теперь можно отправлять письмо:

echo «Mail From» | mutt -s «subject» -e ‘my_hdr From: Дмитрий

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5 Ways to Send Email From Linux Command Line

We all know the importance of emails these days for information transfer. There are many free emails service providers which we used for use like Gmail, Yahoo, RediffMail etc, which provides a web interface for sending and receiving emails. But this is not enough, sometimes we also required to send emails from system command line. This tutorial will provide you multiple ways to send emails from the Linux command line. This is useful for sending email through our shell scripts, cronjobs etc.

There are various ways to send emails from the command line but here I am sharing few options used by most users. You can use anyone option given below to send email from Linux command line.

1. Using ‘sendmail’ Command

Sendmail is a most popular SMTP server used in most of Linux/Unix distribution. Sendmail allows sending email from command line. Use below instructions to send email using ‘sendmail‘ command.

Created a file with email content:

Subject: line will be used as subject for email.

Now send email using the following command.

2. Using ‘mail’ Command

mail command is most popular command to send emails from Linux terminal. Use few of below examples to send an email.

• -s is used for defining subject for email.

Also, you can send an attachment with this command. Use -a for mailx and -A for mailutils.

• Here -a is used for attachments. Use -A for debian based systems, which uses mailutils package.

Also, we can add comma separated emails to send the email to multiple recipients together.

3. Using ‘mutt’ command

Mutt is basically used for reading emails from Linux terminal from local user mailboxes, also useful to read emails from POP/IMAP servers. Mutt command is little similar to mail command. Use few of below examples to send an email.

Send an email including an attachment

4. Using ‘SSMTP’ Command

sSMTP allows users to send emails from SMTP server from Linux command line. For example to send an email to user [email protected] use following command. Now type your subject of the email as below with keyword Subject. After that type your message to be sent to the user, After finishing your message press CTRL+d (^d) to send the email.

5. Using ‘telnet’ Command

As per my experience, all system administrators use telnet command to test remote port connectivity test or login to the server remotely. Most of the newbie in Linux doesn’t know that we can send email using telnet also, which is the better way to troubleshoot email sending problems. Below is an example of email sending.

Red marked text is the user input and remaining is the responses of that commands.

Thank you for using this article. We will add more ways soon with this list. We also request you to help me with more commands which you know and not listed above.

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Linux sendmail command

On Unix-like operating systems, sendmail is a general purpose e-mail routing facility that supports many kinds of mail-transfer and delivery methods, including the SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) used for e-mail transport over the Internet.

Description

sendmail sends a message to one or more recipients, routing the message over whatever networks are necessary. sendmail does internetwork forwarding as necessary to deliver the message to the correct place.

sendmail is not intended as a user interface routine; other programs provide user-friendly front ends. sendmail is used only to deliver pre-formatted messages.

With no flags specified, sendmail reads its standard input up to an end-of-file or a line consisting only of a single dot, and sends a copy of the message found there to all of the addresses listed. It determines the network(s) to use based on the syntax and contents of the addresses.

Local addresses are looked up in a file and aliased appropriately. Aliasing can be prevented by preceding the address with a backslash. Beginning with version 8.10, the sender is included in any alias expansions; for example, if «john» sends mail to «group», and «group» includes «john» in the expansion, then the letter also delivers to «john».

Syntax

Alternate syntax

sendmail can also be invoked, with special functionality, using the following commands.

See below for more information.

Parameters

-Ac	Use submit.cf even if the operation mode does not indicate an initial mail submission.
-Am	Use sendmail.cf even if the operation mode indicates an initial mail submission.
-Btype	Set the body type to type. Current legal values are 7BIT or 8BITMIME.
-ba	Go into ARPANET mode. All input lines must end with a CR-LF, and all messages will be generated with a CR-LF at the end. Also, the «From:» and «Sender:» fields are examined for the name of the sender.
-bd	Run as a daemon. sendmail will fork and run in background listening on socket 25 for incoming SMTP connections. This is normally run from /etc/rc.
-bD	Same as -bd, except it runs in foreground.
-bh	Print the persistent host status database.
-bH	Purge expired entries from the persistent host status database.
-bi	Initialize the alias database.
-bm	Deliver mail in the usual way (default).
-bp	Print a listing of the queue(s).
-bP	Print number of entries in the queue(s); only available with shared memory support.
-bs	Use the SMTP protocol as described in RFC 821 on standard input and output. This flag implies all the operations of the -ba flag that are compatible with SMTP.
-bt	Run in address test mode. This mode reads addresses and shows the steps in parsing; it is used for debugging configuration tables.
-bv	Verify names only; do not try to collect or deliver a message. Verify mode is normally used for validating users or mailing lists.
-Cfile	Use alternate configuration file. sendmail gives up any enhanced (set-user-ID or set-group-ID) privileges if an alternate configuration file is specified.
-D logfile	Send debugging output to the indicated log file instead of stdout.
-dcategory.level.	Set the debugging flag for category to level. The category is either an integer or a name specifying the topic, and level an integer specifying the level of debugging output desired. Higher levels generally mean more output. More than one flag can be specified by separating them with commas. A list of numeric debugging categories found in the TRACEFLAGS file in the sendmail source distribution. The option -d0.1 prints the version of sendmail and the options used during the compile. Most other categories are only useful with, and documented in, sendmail‘s source code.
-Ffullname	Set the full name of the sender.
-fname	Sets the name of the «from» person (i.e., the envelope sender of the mail). This address may also be used in the «From:» header if that header is missing during initial submission. The envelope sender address is used as the recipient for delivery status notifications and may also appear in a «Return-Path:» header. -f should only be used by «trusted» users (normally root, daemon, and network) or if the person you are trying to become is the same as the person you are. Otherwise, an «X-Authentication-Warning» header is added to the message.
-G	Relay (gateway) submission of a message, e.g., when rmail calls sendmail.
-hN	Set the hop count to N. The hop count is incremented every time the mail is processed. When it reaches a limit, the mail is returned with an error message, most likely the victim of an aliasing loop. If not specified, «Received:» lines in the message are counted.
-i	Ignore dots alone on lines by themselves in incoming messages. This should be set if you are reading data from a file.
-L tag	Set the identifier used in syslog messages to the supplied tag.
-N dsn	Set delivery status notification conditions to dsn, which can be «never» for no notifications, or a comma separated list of the values «failure» to be notified if delivery failed, «delay» to be notified if delivery is delayed, and «success» to be notified when the message is successfully delivered.
-n	Don’t do aliasing.
-O option=value	Set option option to the specified value. This form uses long names. See below for more details.
-ox value	Set option x to the specified value. This form uses single character names only.
-pprotocol	Set the name of the protocol used to receive the message. This can be a simple protocol name such as «UUCP» or a protocol and hostname, such as «UUCP:ucbvax«.
-q[time]	Process saved messages in the queue at given intervals. If time is omitted, process the queue once. The time is given as a tagged number, with «s» being seconds, «m» being minutes (default), «h» being hours, «d» being days, and «w» being weeks. For example, «-q1h30m» or «-q90m» would both set the timeout to one hour thirty minutes. By default, sendmail runs in the background. This option can be used safely with -bd.
-qp[time]	Similar to -qtime, except that instead of periodically forking a child to process the queue, sendmail forks a single persistent child for each queue that alternates between processing the queue and sleeping. The sleep time is given as the argument; it defaults to 1 second. The process always sleeps at least 5 seconds if the queue was empty in the previous queue run.
-qf	Process saved messages in the queue once and do not fork, but run in the foreground.
-qGname	Process jobs in queue group called name only.
-q[!]Isubstr	Limit processed jobs to those containing substr as a substring of the queue id or not when ! is specified.
-q[!]Qsubstr	Limit processed jobs to quarantined jobs containing substr as a substring of the quarantine reason or not when ! is specified.
-q[!]Rsubstr	Limit processed jobs to those containing substr as a substring of one of the recipients or not when ! is specified.
-q[!]Ssubstr	Limit processed jobs to those containing substr as a substring of the sender or not when ! is specified.
-Q[reason]	Quarantine a normal queue items with the given reason or unquarantine quarantined queue items if no reason is given. This should only be used with some sort of item matching using as described above.
-R return	Set the amount of the message to be returned if the message bounces. The return parameter can be «full» to return the entire message or «hdrs» to return only the headers. In the latter case, local bounces return only the headers.
-rname	An alternate and obsolete form of the -f flag.
-t	Read message for recipients. To:, Cc:, and Bcc: lines will be scanned for recipient addresses. The Bcc: line are deleted before transmission.
-V envid	Set the original envelope id. This is propagated across SMTP to servers that support DSNs and is returned in DSN-compliant error messages.
-v	Go into verbose mode. Alias expansions will be announced, etc.
-X logfile	Log all traffic in and out of mailers in the indicated log file. This should only be used as a last resort for debugging mailer bugs. It will log a lot of data very quickly.
—	Stop processing command flags and use the rest of the arguments as addresses.

Options

There are also many processing options that can be set. Normally these are only used by a system administrator. Options may be set either on the command line using the -o flag (for short names), the -O flag (for long names), or in the configuration file. This is a partial list limited to those options that are likely to be useful on the command line and only shows the long names. The options are:

AliasFile=file	Use alternate alias file.
HoldExpensive	On mailers that are considered «expensive» to connect to, don’t initiate immediate connection. This requires queueing.
CheckpointInterval=N	Checkpoint the queue file after every N successful deliveries (default 10). This avoids excessive duplicate deliveries when sending to long mailing lists interrupted by system crashes.
DeliveryMode=x	Set the delivery mode to x. Delivery modes are «i» for interactive (synchronous) delivery, «b» for background (asynchronous) delivery, «q» for queue only; i.e., actual delivery is done the next time the queue is run, and «d» for deferred: the same as «q» except that database lookups for maps which have set the -D option (default for the host map) are avoided.
ErrorMode=x	Set error processing to mode x. Valid modes are «m» to mail back the error message, «w» to «write» back the error message (or mail it back if the sender is not logged in), «p» to print the errors on the terminal (default), «q» to throw away error messages (only exit status is returned), and «e» to do special processing for BerkNet. If the text of the message is not mailed back by modes «m» or «w» and if the sender is local to this machine, a copy of the message is appended to the file dead.letter in the sender’s home directory.
SaveFromLine	Save Unix-style From lines at the front of messages.
MaxHopCount=N	The maximum number of times a message is allowed to «hop» before we decide it’s in a loop.
IgnoreDots	Do not take dots on a line by themselves as a message terminator.
SendMimeErrors	Send error messages in MIME format. If not set, the DSN (Delivery Status Notification) SMTP extension is disabled.
ConnectionCacheTimeout=timeout	Set connection cache timeout.
ConnectionCacheSize=N	Set connection cache size.
LogLevel=n	The log level.
MeToo=False	Don’t send to «me» (the sender) if I am in an alias expansion.
CheckAliases	Validate the right side of aliases during a newaliases command.
OldStyleHeaders	If set, this message may have old style headers. If not set, this message is guaranteed to have new style headers (i.e., commas instead of spaces between addresses). If set, an adaptive algorithm is used that will correctly determine the header format in most cases.
QueueDirectory=queuedir	Select the directory where to queue messages.
StatusFile=file	Save statistics in the named file.
Timeout.queuereturn=time	Set the timeout on undelivered messages in the queue to the specified time. After delivery has failed (e.g., because of a host being down) for this amount of time, failed messages will be returned to the sender. The default is five days.
UserDatabaseSpec=userdatabase	If set, a user database is consulted to get forwarding information. You can consider this an adjunct to the aliasing mechanism, except that the database is intended to be distributed; aliases are local to a particular host. This may not be available if your sendmail does not have the USERDB option compiled in.
ForkEachJob	Fork each job during queue runs. May be convenient on memory-poor machines.
SevenBitInput	Strip incoming messages to seven bits.
EightBitMode=mode	Set the handling of eight bit input to seven bit destinations to mode: m (mimefy) will convert to seven-bit MIME format, p (pass) will pass as eight bits (but violates protocols), and s (strict) will bounce the message.
MinQueueAge=timeout	Sets how long a job must ferment in the queue between attempts to send it.
DefaultCharSet=charset	Sets the default character set used to label 8-bit data that is not otherwise labelled.
DialDelay=sleeptime	If opening a connection fails, sleep for sleeptime seconds and try again. Useful on dial-on-demand sites.
NoRecipientAction=action	Set the behaviour when there are no recipient headers (To:, Cc: or Bcc:) in the message to action: none leaves the message unchanged, add-to adds a To: header with the envelope recipients, add-apparently-to adds an Apparently-To: header with the envelope recipients, add-bcc adds an empty Bcc: header, and add-to-undisclosed adds a header reading `To: undisclosed-recipients:;‘.
MaxDaemonChildren=N	Sets the maximum number of children that an incoming SMTP daemon allows to spawn at any time to N.
ConnectionRateThrottle=N	Sets the maximum number of connections per second to the SMTP port to N.

In aliases, the first character of a name may be a vertical bar («|«) to cause interpretation of the rest of the name as a command that pipes the mail. It may be necessary to quote the name to keep sendmail from suppressing the blanks from between arguments. For example, a common alias is:

Aliases may also have the syntax «:include:filename» to ask sendmail to read the named file for a list of recipients. For example, an alias such as:

would read /usr/local/lib/poets.list for the list of addresses making up the group.

Exit status

Sendmail returns an exit status describing what it did. The exit codes are listed below, and defined in .

EX_OK	Successful completion on all addresses.
EX_NOUSER	Username not recognized.
EX_UNAVAILABLE	Catchall meaning necessary resources were not available.
EX_SYNTAX	Syntax error in address.
EX_SOFTWARE	Internal software error, including bad arguments.
EX_OSERR	Temporary operating system error, such as «cannot fork».
EX_NOHOST	Hostname not recognized.
EX_TEMPFAIL	Message could not be sent immediately, but was queued.

Alternate invocations

If invoked as newaliases, sendmail will rebuild the alias database.

If invoked as mailq, sendmail prints the contents of the mail queue.

If invoked as hoststat, sendmail prints the persistent host status database.

If invoked as purgestat, sendmail purges expired entries from the persistent host status database.

If invoked as smtpd, sendmail acts as a daemon, as if the -bd option were specified.

Files

Except for the file /etc/mail/sendmail.cf itself, the following pathnames are all specified in /etc/mail/sendmail.cf. Thus, these values should only be considered approximations.

/etc/mail/aliases	raw data for alias names
/etc/mail/aliases.db	database of alias names
/etc/mail/sendmail.cf	configuration file
/etc/mail/helpfile	help file
/etc/mail/statistics	collected statistics
/var/spool/mqueue/*	temp files

Examples

sendmail will read your e-mail from standard input, and attempt to send the e-mail when you enter a single dot («.«) on a new line and press Enter . As an example, after running the above command, you could type:

and sendmail attempts to send it.

Related commands

biff — Receive detailed mail notifications at the command line.
mail — Read, compose, and manage mail.
mailx — Process mail messages.
newalias — Install new elm aliases.
pine — A client for using mail and newsgroups.

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